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PART THREE READING
People living today in the northwestern state of Washington who have many sources of news in addition to newspapers must stretch their imaginations to understand the importance of the press during much of the state's history. Beginning in 1852 with The Cohumblan. the first paper in Washington Territory, ,lewspapers served to connect settlers in frontier communities with each other and with the rnajor events of their times.
Unlike many mid-century papers, The Columbian, published every Saturday in Olympia, one of Washington's larger towns, was "neutral in politics," meaning that it was not the organ of a particular political party or religious group. For its first few years, it was the only newspaper in the territory, but during the following decades, enterprising Washingtonians founded many other papers. Few of these papers lasted long. Until the turn of the century, most were the production of an individual editor, who might begin with insufficient capital or fail to attract a steady readership. Often working with no staff at all, these editors wrote copy, set type, delivered papers, oversaw billing, and sold advertising. Their highly personal journals reflected their own tastes, politics, and known as the "Oregon style"--graphic, torrid, and potentially libelous.
Early newspapers were thick with print, carrying no illustrations or cartoons.
Advertising was generally confined to the back pages and simply listed commodities
received by local stores. Toward the end of the century, newspapers in Washington
began to carry national advertising, especially from patent medicine companies, which bought space from agencies that brokered ads in papers all over the country. By 1900, Washington boasted 19 daily and 176 weekly papers. Especially in the larger cities, they reflected less the personal opinions of the editor than the interests of the large businesses they had become. They subscribed to the Associated Press and United Press news services, and new technology permitted illustrations. Concentrating on features, crime reporting, and sensationalism, they imitated the new mass-circulation papers that William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were making popular throughout the United States.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Ways in which various newspapers were advertised in Washington
(B) The history of newspapers in Washington
(C) Editors of the first Washington newspapers
(D) The illustrations in early Washington newspapers
2. What does the passage imply about early Washington newspapers?
(A) People relied on them as their primary source of news.
(B) They contained important historical articles.
(C) They were not as informative as today's newspapers.
(D) They rarely reflected the views of any particular religion.
3. ln line 7. the word “'it” refers to
(A) The Columbian
(B) Olympia
(C) religious group
(D) political party
4. In line 13, the word "oversaw" is closest in meaning to
(A) estimated
(B) supervised
(C) collected
(D) provided
5. In line 15, the word "'delivered'" is closest in meaning to
(A) confirmed
(B) compared
(C) questioned
(D) presented
6. According to the passage, which of the following was true of curly Washington newspapers?
(A) Most were owned by part-time editors who worked at other jobs.
(B) Most were run by editors who had little or no earlier newspaper experience.
(C) Most received financial support from the town in which they were published.
(D) Most stayed in business for only a short while.
7. What does the author mention as typical of early newspaper editors from Washington?
(A) Their capital grew rapidly.
(B) Their political opinions changed with time.
(C) They had many types of responsibilities.
(D) They were generally members of the same political party.
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about advertising in Washington newspapers of the mid-nineteenth century?
(A) It contained information about patent medicines.
(B) It focused on local rather than national products.
(C) It was printed on entire pages distributed in local stores.
(D) It was the only part of the paper containing cartoons.
9. In line 22, the word "boasted" is closest in meaning to
(A) planned
(B) financed
(C) was forced to close
(D) took pride in having
Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter's four largest moons and the second moon
out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then
came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days, Europa was transformed--in our perception, at least--into one of the solar system's most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the ahnost total lack of detail, especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far offthe mark.
The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of
craters indicates that Europa's surface ice resembles Earth's Antarctic ice cap. The
eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers thick--a tree shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that, in turn, encases a rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the cons by tidal forces generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around Jupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks on Europa's icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.
Soon after Voyager 2's encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of
Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa's subsurface ocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a vast store of internal heat. Jupiter's early heat was produced by the compression of the material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.
During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa's ocean may have been liquid right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.
10. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effect of the tides on Europa's interior
(B) Temperature variations on Jupiter's moons
(C) Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter's moons
(D) Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images
11. The word "intriguing" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) changing
(B) perfect
(C) visible
(D) fascinating
12. In line 7, the author mentions "cracks in an eggshell" in order to help readers
(A) visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images
(B) appreciate the extensive and detailed informalion available by viewing Europa from far away
(C) understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system
(D) recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter's other moons
13. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979
(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa
(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter's moons
(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available
(D) did not mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered
14. What does the author mean by stating in line 7 that "this analogy is not far off the mark"?
(A) The definition is not precise.
(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.
(C) The differences are probably significant.
(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.
15. It can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in common which of the following?
(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.
(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.
(C) Both have an ice cap that is melting rapidly.
(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.
16. The word "endless" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) new
(B) final
(C) temporary
(D) continuous
17. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter's other large moons on Eurnpa?
(A) They prevent Europa's subsurface waters from freezing.
(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa's surface.
(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.
(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.
18. According to the passage, Voyager 2's images Ied rcsearchers to develop which of the following theories'?
(A) Jupiter may be hotter today than it once was.
(B) Europa is far older than scientists originally thought
(C) Europa's temperature is maintained by Jupiter's vast store of internal heat.
(D) The ocean waters of Europa could contain some forms of life.
19 The word "it" in line 24 refers to
(A) internal heat
(B) warm phase
(C) Europa's ocean
(D) surface
The term "print" has several meanings, so it is important to understand exactly what is meant by the artistic terminology. A print in the artistic sense is not a reproduction of a work of art done in some other medium, such as painting or drawing. That can in no sense be considered a work of art, since the artist had no involvement with it. A print is an original work of art created by an indirect method. Instead of making an image directly on a surface, as in drawing or painting, the artist works on a master surface, which may be a sheet of metal, a block of stone, wood, plastic, or linoleum. From this master surface, numerous impressions may be made by inking the surface, laying a sheet of paper on it, and then subjecting both surface and paper to pressure, generally by means of a printing press.
A print may exist in several versions. Sometimes the printmaker alters the image between impressions, so that each print is slightly different from the others. Any series of such prints is referred to as multiples. The number of impressions (known as the edition) that are possible from a single original varies with the material. Prints made from linoleum, which wears readily, will be fewer than those made from a metal plate, which is capable of striking fine-quality prints in the thousands. It is customary to number prints as they come off the press, the earlier impressions being the finest and therefore the most desirable.
Prints incorporate the same compositional principles, as paintings. Line, shape, or texture may be the predominant element according to the printing technique used. Some prints have obvious decorative qualities while others may be filled with emotional impact.
Printmaking derives from two historical sources: early woodblocks into which an
image was cut and used to illustrate a book or playing cards, and the medieval practice of decorating metal with incised designs, as in armor. Today most techniques fall into one of four categories: relief( intaglio, lithography, and serigraphy. However, there are many variations, combinations with photographic techniques, and considerable overlapping.
20. In the artistic sense, a print is a work of art created by
(A) making a painting from an original drawing
(B) drawing or painting similar images many times
(C) transferring an original image from one surface to another
(D)copying an original image made on paper onto a hard surface
21. The word "That" in line 3 refers to
(A) terminology
(B) sense
(C) reproduction
(D) medium
22. Which of the following is mentioned as an example of a master surface?
(A) a drawing or painting
(B) a block of stone
(C) a sheet of paper
(D) a printing press
23. The word "versions" in line 10 is closcst in meaning to
(A) ideas
(B) numbers
(C) functions
(D) forms
24. Which of the following terms is NOT defined in the passage?
(A) "print" (line I)
(B) "impressions" (line 8)
(C) "multiples" (line 12)
(D) "edition" (line 12)
25. A metal plate is compared favorably with linoleum as a meter surface because a metal plate
(A)lasts longer
(B) is less expensive
(C) makes prints more quickly
(D) produces a greater variety of prints
26. The word "customary" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) necessary
(B) attractive
(C) legal
(D) usual
27. The phrase "according to" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) in addition to
(B) in order to
(C) regardless of
(D) depending on
28. It can be inferred that prints may differ from other works of art in terms of all of the following EXCEPT
(A) compositional principles
(B) use of line, shape, or texture
(C) decorative qualities
(D) emotional impact
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