Comprehension  理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible．Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1  Which two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry?

2  Why are some processes in chemical industries never patented at all?

3  Why are some firms reluctant to borrow books from libraries?

Vocabulary  词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: weigh heavily against (1.1); lack (1.2); effective contact (1.4); fundamental (1.6); processes (1.7); applies (1.9); trace (1.14); likely (1.14).

The paragraph  段落

A  Which of these statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? Give reasons for your choice:

1  The effectiveness of scientific research in industry is hampered by the general atmosphere of secrecy which surrounds it and by the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.

2  Scientific research in industry is not very effective because big firms wish to keep so many processes secret.

3  Many scientific processes in industry are kept secret until they can be patented．

B  The following sentences have been taken from lines 5-10．Arrange them in their correct order．Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

1  The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.

2  This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.

3  Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.

4  Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.

5  Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.

Key structures  关键句型

A  Change the form of the verbs in each of these sentences．Omit the words in italics．Do not refer to the passage until you have completed the exercise:

1  One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which they carry it out．(11.1-2)

2  They seek for a great many processes with complete secrecy until the stage at which they can take out patents．(11.7-8)

3  Even more processes they never patent at all but keep as secret processes．(11.8-9)

4  Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that they cannot mention the whole nature of the research．(1.10-11)

B  Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses in the following sentences．Do not refer to the passage until you have completed the exercise:

1  In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in ______(carry) it out．(1.3)