A. A bargain stricken between a manufacturer and a consumer
  B. A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.
  C. A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.
  D. A newspaper advertisement describing luxury goods and services available.

3. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with _______.

  A. contrasting two theses and offering a compromise
  B. questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them
  C. examining two theories and supporting one over the other
  D. raising several questions but implying that they cannot be answered

4. The author would most probably agree that the Industrial Revolution _______.

  A. resulted from the growing demand for luxury goods and services 
  B. exploited the already existing demand for luxury goods and services
  C. was closely bound up with the demands for luxury goods and services
  D. was not directly driven by a growing demand for luxury goods and services

5. The title which best expresses the main idea of the text is ________.

  A. A Comment on Historians’ Study on Rising Demand for Luxuries in 18th-century England
  B. The Impacts of Consumer Demand for Luxury Goods and Services in the 18th Century                         
  C. Consumers’ Demand for Luxuries in the 18th Century and Their Motives
  D. The Ever-increasing Demand for Luxuries in Eighteenth-century England

Text  4  (课外阅读)

    The term "leadership" is one of the most difficult in educational administration. To some, a leader is simply one who is followed. Presumably by that definition, a good leader is one who is followed consistently and reliably by large numbers of people. But that leads to the difficulty of Hitler being a "good leader". So, some will argue either that leadership itself involves both followers and a good sense of direction or that, at least, good leadership involves an approved direction. The latter distinction leaves one with the ambiguity of the "bad leader" being either one who is not followed or, very different, one who is followed but in a disapproved direction.

    In addition to those definitional problems, some people believe they know what "good leadership style" is. It may be decisive but whatever it is its supporters know it is "good". Such people are likely to substitute the criterion of style for the criteria of having followers and having an appropriate direction. Some people go even further. They assume that good leadership style is an important end in itself. They give their favored style an attractive name like "democratic leadership". In that way, principals who have a "democratic" style are automatically deemed good, even though they may be ineffective and unpopular. The ineffectiveness and unpopularity are explained away; the principal is not "really a democratic leader, because, if she were, she would be effective and popular!"